writing 3

A.    HOW TO WRITE PARAGRAPH WITH ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE COHESION

A paragraph is adequately developed when it describes, explains and supports the topic sentence. If the "promise" of the topic sentence is not fulfilled, or if the reader is left with questions after reading the paragraph, the paragraph has not been adequately developed. Generally speaking, a paragraph which consists of only two or three sentences is under-developed. A good rule of thumb to follow is to make sure that a paragraph contains at least four sentences which explain and elaborate on the topic sentence.

Here’s the items you should input in paragraph with adequate and inadequate cohesion :

Elaborate :

Spell out the details by defining, or by clarifying and adding relevant, pertinent information.

Illustrate:
Paint a verbal picture that helps make or clarify your point(s). Well illustrated pieces are easier to read and follow than those on a high level of abstraction.

Argue:
Give the reasons, justifications, and rationales for the position or view you have taken in the topic sentence. Draw inferences for the reader and explain the significance of assertions or claims being made.

Narrate:
Relate the historical development of the phenomenon at issue.

Process:
Describe how something works.

Describe:
Observe without preconceived categories.

Classify:
Organize phenomena or ideas into larger categories that share common characteristics.

Analyze:
Divide phenomena or ideas into elements.

Compare and Contrast:

Show similarities and differences between two or more phenomena or ideas.

Relate:
Show correlations and causes (beware of logical fallacies, however!)

NOTE : REREAD AND REVISE

The best way to improve cohesion is to thoroughly reread your paragraphs. Many times,

writers quickly put down all of their thoughts in a stream of consciousness. While everything that

they write makes sense at the time, it may seem like a garbled mess to a reader. Rereading your

work (or having a friend, professor or tutor read it) allows you to add any missing links, fill gaps in logic and create cohesion.

  

B.     WHAT IS COHESION ?

Cohesion is the intangible glue that holds paragraphs together. Having

good coherence in a writing project means that your ideas stick together and flow smoothly from

one sentence to the next, so that readers of your work can easily understand where you are taking

them. Without cohesion, a written work can seem choppy and may not flow well; a lack of

coherence challenges the reader and can hurt comprehension, thus rendering your attempt at

communication ineffective at best.

 Here are four main components of cohesion:

·         relevance

·         order

·         linking words

·         repetition of key words

1. RELEVANCE

                A simple way to build cohesion or flow between sentences is to look at the meaning of a

sentence and compare it to the point of the next sentence. They should be related yet not the

same. If the two sentences are not closely related, you will lose the readers‟ attention, because

they will have to guess where you are going. If the two sentences are identical, you are not

adding any new information to your work, and the reader will be annoyed.

2. ORDER

 Writers should always ask themselves “Is this sentence relevant to the idea of this

paragraph?” Every paragraph should have a main idea (typically stated in a topic sentence). To maintain cohesion, all sentences within a paragraph should relate to this main idea.

 3. LINKING/TRANSITION WORDS

Transition words can help a paragraph flow more smoothly. The following two sentences are far apart, in fact, opposites in content and unconnected in time.

 4. REPETITION OF KEY WORDS

                Repeating key terms related to the main idea of the paragraph makes an invisible rope for readers

to follow – a few hand holds. However, do not repeat words for the sake of repetition; the reader

needs to occasionally be reminded of your focus, not beaten over the head with unnecessary

repetitions.

C. THE DIFFRENCES BETWEEN COHERENCE AND       COHESION

Coherence:

The property of unity in a written text that stems from the relationship between its underlying ideas, and from the logical organisation and development of these ideas.

Cohesion:

The property of flow and connection in a written text that stems from the linguistic links among its surface elements.

A paragraph has good cohesion when each sentence is clearly linked to the next.

Coherence and Cohesion mean that all of the parts are connected logically and linguistically to form a whole.

(a) Coherent Order:

Paragraphs may be organised according to a sequence of time (chronological order), space (describing something from top to bottom or foreground to background) or arranging information in order of importance. Another common way of ordering information in a paragraph is to present the most general information first and then move on to focus on the more detailed, specific information.

(b) Cohesive devices:

Individual sentences can have connections within them. A word that connects parts of a sentence is called a conjunction. The common coordinating conjunctions are: 'and', 'but', 'or', 'yet', 'nor'. There are also subordinating conjunctions. These establish the relationship between a dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. A few common examples are: 'as', 'because', 'whereas', 'in order that', 'since', 'although'.

The linking words such as 'however', 'moreover', 'nevertheless', 'consequently', 'as a result' are used to express complex relationships between ideas.

Here is a table of the more common linking words organised into broad categories of meaning. 

cause and effect	therefore, thus, consequently, hence, as a result of
addition	also, and, and then, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in fact, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second
comparison	also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
contrast and concession	and yet, at the same time, even so, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of this, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, yet
emphasis	certainly, indeed, in fact
example orillustration	for example, in conclusion, in other words, in short, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus
summary	finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore
time sequence	eventually, finally, in the first place, in the past, last, moreover, next, second, simultaneously, so far, subsequently, then, thereafter, until now

D.    IDENTIFYING AND ANALYZING PARAGRAPH

I  AM DESY WAHYUNI

This is about me, let me tell you about my self. In this writing, I just want to shared all about me.It will       be good to know a little about each other.

1.    Well , My name is Desy Wahyuni and just call me Desy.I was born on December 08 1993 and now I am 20 years old.It is so young, but I still have one little brother.Next, I am studying in Muhammadiyah University of Metro.It is one of the biggest University in Indonesia. So, I enjoyed.I have an appointmennt that I will be “Everything” with this education, so I dedicated to my parents. 

(     ADEQUATE COHESION)

Explanation : This paragraph is adequate cohesion because there are sequences which related with next sentence, such as use well in the first sentence as opening the topic sentence, and then continued with related words (now,and so).

2.    Now, I live in 15 A Iring Mulyo , Metro-Timur and my home town is in the big city Seputih Banyak, Lampung Tengah,  (INADEQUATE COHESION)

Explanation : This paragraph is not inadequate cohesion, because there is no coherences between sentence before and after it and the two sentences are unidentical. The Transition words is not flow more smoothly. The following two sentences are far apart, in fact, opposites in content and unconnected in time.

3.    Physically, I have light brown skin, and my eyes colour are brown. My hair is not too long and my blood  type is B. I have height about 156 cm, and my weight around 42 kg.I ever over weight it is arround 54 kg, but I am not tall enough, so I likes big monster. I do not have confident at that time, but now my body is ideal. (COHESION)

Explanation : This sentence and paragraph is cohesion , because in this paragraph the main contain is clear and another common way of ordering information in a paragraph is to present the most general information first and then move on to focus on the more detailed, specific information.

4.    Now, let me tell you about my hobby, my hobby is chatting and laughing.I think it is not very boring because it is related with my self and  my life.Then, I always wasting my free time for sleeping, gathering with my friends, or check my account of social media. (COHESION)

Explanation : This paragraph is cohesion because there are sequence of conjunction and preposition in every next sentence, such as then,or,and.So the sentence are coherence each other.

5.    Finally, The main things is courage will not only show me the way, but will also lead me through the difficulties and unpredictability of life along my way up.My courage is not only the energy of my mind, but also my possibility maker.This is my life . (ADEQUATE COHESION

    Explanation : This paragraph is adequate cohesion, because the summary of all the text is    clear explanation in the end of the last paragraph and related with each other. A maintain cohesion, all sentences within a paragraph is also relate to the main idea.